Evaluation results
It is obvious that not all the pitfalls are equally important; their impact in the ontology will depend on multiple factors. For this reason, each pitfall has an importance level attached indicating how important it is. We have identified three levels:
- Critical
: It is crucial to correct the pitfall. Otherwise, it could affect the ontology consistency, reasoning, applicability, etc.
- Important
: Though not critical for ontology function, it is important to correct this type of pitfall.
- Minor
: It is not really a problem, but by correcting it we will make the ontology nicer.
Results for P04: Creating unconnected ontology elements.
3 cases
| Minor
Ontology elements (classes, object properties and datatype properties) are created isolated, with no relation to the rest of the ontology.
• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#Reference
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/informationrealization.owl#InformationObject
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#Expression
Results for P08: Missing annotations.
8 cases
| Minor
This pitfall consists in creating an ontology element and failing to provide human readable annotations attached to it. Consequently, ontology elements lack annotation properties that label them (e.g. rdfs:label, lemon:LexicalEntry, skos:prefLabel or skos:altLabel) or that define them (e.g. rdfs:comment or dc:description). This pitfall is related to the guidelines provided in [5].
• The following elements have no rdfs:label defined:
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/informationrealization.owl#InformationObject
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#Situation
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#Expression
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#Reference
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#hasSetting
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#isSettingFor
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#denotes
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#isDenotedBy
Results for P11: Missing domain or range in properties.
4 cases
| Important
Object and/or datatype properties without domain or range (or none of them) are included in the ontology.
• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#isDenotedBy
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#denotes
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#isSettingFor
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#hasSetting
• Tip: Solving this pitfall may lead to new results for other pitfalls and suggestions.
We encourage you to solve all cases when needed and see what else you can get from OOPS!
Results for P13: Inverse relationships not explicitly declared.
4 cases
| Minor
This pitfall appears when any relationship (except for those that are defined as symmetric properties using owl:SymmetricProperty) does not have an inverse relationship (owl:inverseOf) defined within the ontology.
• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#hasSetting
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#isSettingFor
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#denotes
› http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#isDenotedBy
Results for P30: Equivalent classes not explicitly declared.
1 case
| Important
This pitfall consists in missing the definition of equivalent classes (owl:equivalentClass) in case of duplicated concepts. When an ontology reuses terms from other ontologies, classes that have the same meaning should be defined as equivalent in order to benefit the interoperability between both ontologies.
• The following classes might be equivalent:
› https://www.w3id.org/simulation/ontology/Source, http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/semiotics.owl#Reference
SUGGESTION: symmetric or transitive object properties. 6 cases
The domain and range axioms are equal for each of the following object properties. Could they be symmetric or transitive?
› http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom
› https://www.w3id.org/simulation/ontology/isVariantOf
› https://www.w3id.org/simulation/ontology/hasPersonifiedVariant
› https://www.w3id.org/simulation/ontology/isPersonifiedVariantOf
› https://www.w3.org/ns/prov-o-inverses#hadDerivation
› https://www.w3id.org/simulation/ontology/hasVariant
According to the highest importance level of pitfall found in your ontology the conformace bagde suggested is "Important pitfalls" (see below). You can use the following HTML code to insert the badge within your ontology documentation:

<p> <a href="http://oops.linkeddata.es"><img src="http://oops.linkeddata.es/resource/image/oops_important.png" alt="Important pitfalls were found" height="69.6" width="100" /></a> </p>
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- [4] Montiel-Ponsoda, E., Vila Suero, D., Villazón-Terrazas, B., Dunsire, G., Escolano Rodríguez, E., Gómez-Pérez, A. (2011). Style guidelines for naming and labeling ontologies in the multilingual web.
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- [8] Hogan, A., Harth, A., Passant, A., Decker, S., and Polleres, A. (2010). Weaving the pedantic web. In Proceedings of the WWW2010 Workshop on Linked Data on the Web, LDOW 2010, Raleigh, USA, April 27, 2010.
- [9] Archer, P., Goedertier, S., and Loutas, N. (2012). D7. 1.3-study on persistent URIs, with identification of best practices and recommendations on the topic for the Mss and the EC. PwC EU Services.
- [10] Bernes-Lee Tim. (2006). “Linked Data - Design issues”. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
- [11] Heath, T. and Bizer, C. (2011). Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space. Morgan & Claypool, 1st edition.
- [12] Vatant, B. (2012). Is your linked data vocabulary 5-star?. http://bvatant.blogspot.fr/2012/02/is-your-linked-data-vocabulary-5-star_9588.html
How to cite OOPS!
Poveda-Villalón, María, Asunción Gómez-Pérez, and Mari Carmen Suárez-Figueroa. "OOPS!(Ontology Pitfall Scanner!): An on-line tool for ontology evaluation." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS) 10.2 (2014): 7-34.
BibTex:
@article{poveda2014oops, title={{OOPS! (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner!): An On-line Tool for Ontology Evaluation}}, author={Poveda-Villal{\'o}n, Mar{\'i}a and G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n and Su{\'a}rez-Figueroa, Mari Carmen}, journal={International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS)}, volume={10}, number={2}, pages={7--34}, year={2014}, publisher={IGI Global} }
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