Evaluation results


There are three levels of importance in pitfalls according to their impact on the ontology:
  • Critical It is crucial to correct the pitfall. Otherwise, it could affect the ontology consistency, reasoning, applicability, etc.
  • Important Though not critical for ontology function, it is important to correct this type of pitfall.
  • Minor It is not really a problem, but by correcting it we will make the ontology nicer.

Pitfalls detected:


Two relationships are defined as inverse relations when they are not necessarily inverse.

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#hasTopic may not be inverse of http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#isTopicOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#overlappingTopic may not be inverse of http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#relatedMeaning

This pitfall consists in creating an ontology element and failing to provide human readable annotations attached to it. Consequently, ontology elements lack annotation properties that label them (e.g. rdfs:label, lemon:LexicalEntry, skos:prefLabel or skos:altLabel) or that define them (e.g. rdfs:comment or dc:description). This pitfall is related to the guidelines provided in [5].

• The following elements have neither rdfs:label or rdfs:comment (nor skos:definition) defined:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Concept
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeInterval
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collection
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalAttribute
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Amount
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationEntity
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Agent
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialObject
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Entity
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Region
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationRealization
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Description
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationObject
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Community
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Place
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Situation
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Role
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#SyntacticRule
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Plan
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TypeCollection
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalArtifact
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#FormalEntity
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PhysicalAgent
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Process
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Action
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#PlanExecution
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Theory
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Contract
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExpressedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#farFrom
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesAgent
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPartOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isObjectIncludedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#isTopicSignatureOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesObject
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasComponent
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCharacterizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#overlaps
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#nearTo
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSettingFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#characterizes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#hasTopicSignature
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#overlappingTopic
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPart
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRegionFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isUnifiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#isContextOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#introduces
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#describes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#specializes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#classifies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAbout
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isLocationOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasSetting
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#covers
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isReferenceOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParticipant
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSatisfiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCoveredBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#associatedWith
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToConcept
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToDescription
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isIntroducedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptUsedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isClassifiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConcretelyExpressedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#satisfies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasLocation
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#usesConcept
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isMemberOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParticipantIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#concretelyExpresses
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsThrough
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expresses
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#unifies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSpecializedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasRole
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRoleOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptualizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDefinedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isReusedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRealizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isComponentOf

• The following elements have no rdfs:label defined:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#ConstructionRule
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#hasContext
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#reuses
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#combinatoriallyRelatedTo
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isEncodedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#encodes

• The following elements have neither rdfs:comment or skos:definition defined:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#LatentContext
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#AssociativeRule
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#LSARule
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Gesture
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#DigitalPhoto
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#WebPage
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#isTopicIncludedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#hasCoreConcept
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isCulturalGroundingFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasCulturalMixingWith
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#isDenotedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasCulturalGrounding
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#isInstanceOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#hasInstance
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#isSyntacticFunctionOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#hasSyntacticFunction
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L2.owl#OEisLexicalizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isRepresentationLanguageOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#reproduces
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isAuthorOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasAuthor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isOriginalOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#digitallyReproduces
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isReproducedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isDigitallyReproducedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasRepresentationLanguage

Object and/or datatype properties without domain or range (or none of them) are included in the ontology.

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isComponentOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRealizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDefinedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#isEncodedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptualizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRoleOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasRole
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSpecializedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#unifies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expresses
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsThrough
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#concretelyExpresses
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParticipantIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isMemberOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#usesConcept
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasLocation
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#satisfies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConcretelyExpressedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isClassifiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptUsedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isIntroducedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToDescription
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToConcept
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#associatedWith
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCoveredBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSatisfiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParticipant
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isReferenceOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#covers
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasSetting
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isLocationOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAbout
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#classifies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#specializes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#describes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#introduces
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isUnifiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRegionFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPart
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#characterizes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSettingFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#nearTo
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#overlaps
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCharacterizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasComponent
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesObject
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isObjectIncludedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPartOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesAgent
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#farFrom
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExpressedBy

Tip: Solving this pitfall may lead to new results for other pitfalls and suggestions. We encourage you to solve all cases when needed and see what else you can get from OOPS!

This pitfall appears when any relationship (except for those that are defined as symmetric properties using owl:SymmetricProperty) does not have an inverse relationship (owl:inverseOf) defined within the ontology.

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isExpressedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#farFrom
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesAgent
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isPartOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isObjectIncludedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesObject
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasComponent
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCharacterizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#overlaps
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#nearTo
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSettingFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#characterizes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasPart
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRegionFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isUnifiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#introduces
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#describes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#specializes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#classifies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isAbout
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isLocationOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasSetting
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#covers
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isReferenceOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasParticipant
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSatisfiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isCoveredBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#associatedWith
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToConcept
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRelatedToDescription
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isIntroducedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptUsedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isClassifiedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConcretelyExpressedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#satisfies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasLocation
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#usesConcept
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsFor
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isMemberOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isParticipantIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#concretelyExpresses
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#actsThrough
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#expresses
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#unifies
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isSpecializedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasRole
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRoleOf
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isConceptualizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#realizes
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isDefinedIn
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isRealizedBy
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#isComponentOf

The ontology elements are not named following the same convention (for example CamelCase or use of delimiters as "-" or "_") . Some notions about naming conventions are provided in [2].

*This pitfall applies to the ontology in general instead of specific elements.

An ontology element (a class, an object property or a datatype property) is used in its own definition. Some examples of this would be: (a) the definition of a class as the enumeration of several classes including itself; (b) the appearance of a class within its owl:equivalentClass or rdfs:subClassOf axioms; (c) the appearance of an object property in its rdfs:domain or range rdfs:range definitions; or (d) the appearance of a datatype property in its rdfs:domain definition.

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Word
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#Meaning
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#Topic
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#combinatoriallyRelatedTo
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#metaphoricallyBlendsWith
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#hasCulturalMixingWith
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#overlappingTopic
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#relatedMeaning
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#nearTopicTo
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#farTopicFrom

This pitfall consists in missing the definition of equivalent classes (owl:equivalentClass) in case of duplicated concepts. When an ontology reuses terms from other ontologies, classes that have the same meaning should be defined as equivalent in order to benefit the interoperability between both ontologies.

• The following classes might be equivalent:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Speech, http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl#Language
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#Subject, http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/ontopic.owl#Topic
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Situation, http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Place

Two classes are defined as equivalent, using owl:equivalentClass, when they are not necessarily equivalent.

• The following classes might not be equivalent:
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/lmm/LMM_L1.owl#Meaning, http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#SocialObject

This pitfall occurs if file extensions such as ".owl", ".rdf", ".ttl", ".n3" and ".rdfxml" are included in an ontology URI. This pitfall is related with the recommendations provided in [9].

*This pitfall applies to the ontology in general instead of specific elements.

Suggestions or warnings:




According to the highest importance level of pitfall found in your ontology the conformace bagde suggested is "Critical pitfalls" (see below). You can use the following HTML code to insert the badge within your ontology documentation:




References


Lexicalizing Ontologies: The issues behind the labels. In Multimodal communication in the 21st century: Professional and academic challenges. 33rd Conference of the Spanish Association of Applied Linguistics (AESLA), XXXIII AESLA.

Ontology development 101: A guide to creating your first ontology.

Evaluation of Taxonomic Knowledge in Ontologies and Knowledge Bases. Proceedings of the Banff Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop. Alberta, Canada.

Style guidelines for naming and labeling ontologies in the multilingual web.

Ontology Evaluation. PhD thesis.

Ontology evaluation. In Handbook on ontologies, pages 251-273. Springer.

Owl pizzas: Practical experience of teaching owl-dl: Common errors & common patterns. In Engineering Knowledge in the Age of the Semantic Web, pages 63-81. Springer.

Weaving the pedantic web. In Proceedings of the WWW2010 Workshop on Linked Data on the Web, LDOW 2010, Raleigh, USA, April 27, 2010.

D7. 1.3-study on persistent URIs, with identification of best practices and recommendations on the topic for the Mss and the EC. PwC EU Services.

“Linked Data - Design issues”. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space. Morgan & Claypool, 1st edition.

Is your linked data vocabulary 5-star?. http://bvatant.blogspot.fr/2012/02/is-your-linked-data-vocabulary-5-star_9588.html


Enter your ontology to scan:

Example: http://oops.linkeddata.es/example/swc_2009-05-09.rdf

Uncheck this checkbox if you don't want us to keep a copy of your ontology.





How to cite OOPS!


Poveda-Villalón, María, Asunción Gómez-Pérez, and Mari Carmen Suárez-Figueroa. "OOPS!(Ontology Pitfall Scanner!): An on-line tool for ontology evaluation." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS) 10.2 (2014): 7-34.

BibTex:


@article{poveda2014oops,
title={{OOPS! (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner!): An On-line Tool for Ontology Evaluation}},
author={Poveda-Villal{\'o}n, Mar{\'i}a and G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n and Su{\'a}rez-Figueroa, Mari Carmen},
journal={International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS)},
volume={10},
number={2},
pages={7--34},
year={2014},
publisher={IGI Global}
}



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