Evaluation results


There are three levels of importance in pitfalls according to their impact on the ontology:
  • Critical It is crucial to correct the pitfall. Otherwise, it could affect the ontology consistency, reasoning, applicability, etc.
  • Important Though not critical for ontology function, it is important to correct this type of pitfall.
  • Minor It is not really a problem, but by correcting it we will make the ontology nicer.

Pitfalls detected:


Ontology elements (classes, object properties and datatype properties) are created isolated, with no relation to the rest of the ontology.

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Thing

This pitfall consists in creating an ontology element and failing to provide human readable annotations attached to it. Consequently, ontology elements lack annotation properties that label them (e.g. rdfs:label, lemon:LexicalEntry, skos:prefLabel or skos:altLabel) or that define them (e.g. rdfs:comment or dc:description). This pitfall is related to the guidelines provided in [5].

• The following elements have neither rdfs:label or rdfs:comment (nor skos:definition) defined:
http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E12_Production

• The following elements have no rdfs:label defined:
http://ns.nature.com/terms/BinaryAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/SummaryType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/PublicationState
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Type
http://ns.nature.com/terms/ExternalContributor
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Abstract
http://ns.nature.com/terms/PublicationEvent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Contributor
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Thing
http://ns.nature.com/terms/XmlAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Asset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/PdfAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Person
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Graph
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Issue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/PublishEvent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Event
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Collection
http://ns.nature.com/terms/ReviewState
http://ns.nature.com/terms/AggregationEvent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/KnowledgeBase
http://ns.nature.com/terms/BlobAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Organization
http://ns.nature.com/terms/SeverityLevel
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Summary
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Section
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Journal
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Document
http://ns.nature.com/terms/ExternalArticle
http://ns.nature.com/terms/ImageAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Component
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Serial
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Figure
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Concept
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Publication
http://ns.nature.com/terms/ReviewEvent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Article
http://ns.nature.com/terms/BlogPost
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Subject
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Dataset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/PublishState
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Website
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Illustration
http://ns.nature.com/terms/ArticleType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Agent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Image
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Blog
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Publisher
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Item
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPdfAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasIllustration
http://ns.nature.com/terms/relation
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasCorrespondingContributor
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSummary
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasXmlAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasNextIssue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPublishEvent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/figureList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/repository
http://ns.nature.com/terms/replacedBy
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPreviousIssue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasBlog
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSummaryType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/imageList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasCurrentIssue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasExternalContributor
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/itemReferenceList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasWebsite
http://ns.nature.com/terms/mesh
http://ns.nature.com/terms/count
http://ns.nature.com/terms/itemType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPrimaryArticleType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasAbstract
http://ns.nature.com/terms/orcid
http://ns.nature.com/terms/itemList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasContributor
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPublication
http://ns.nature.com/terms/doiLink
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSubject
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasGraph
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSection
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasCollection
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasReviewState
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasExternalArticle
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPublishState
http://ns.nature.com/terms/contributorList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasImageAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasReviewEvent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasArticle
http://ns.nature.com/terms/namespace
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasItem
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasImage
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSerial
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasRoot
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasFigure
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasBroaderSubject
http://ns.nature.com/terms/webpage
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasIssue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isAssetOf
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPublisher
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasArticleType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/replaces
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasJournal
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationDate
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hash
http://ns.nature.com/terms/issueStart
http://ns.nature.com/terms/sortNumber
http://ns.nature.com/terms/titleXml
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isCurated
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isGroup
http://ns.nature.com/terms/givenName
http://ns.nature.com/terms/subjectPath
http://ns.nature.com/terms/caption
http://ns.nature.com/terms/shortTitle
http://ns.nature.com/terms/pages
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationYear
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isPublishReady
http://ns.nature.com/terms/filename
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationYearMonth
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isPrimaryArticleType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/citationXml
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isIssueBased
http://ns.nature.com/terms/baseUriTemplate
http://ns.nature.com/terms/credit
http://ns.nature.com/terms/itemNumber
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isTestInstance
http://ns.nature.com/terms/assetVersion
http://ns.nature.com/terms/dateEnd
http://ns.nature.com/terms/code
http://ns.nature.com/terms/pageStart
http://ns.nature.com/terms/dateTime
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isLeaf
http://ns.nature.com/terms/sectionLevel
http://ns.nature.com/terms/citationData
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationStartYear
http://ns.nature.com/terms/repositoryId
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationDateTime
http://ns.nature.com/terms/sortLetter
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isEventWorkflow
http://ns.nature.com/terms/issn
http://ns.nature.com/terms/date
http://ns.nature.com/terms/volumeEnd
http://ns.nature.com/terms/timestamp
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isRoot
http://ns.nature.com/terms/name
http://ns.nature.com/terms/assetFolderName
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationName
http://ns.nature.com/terms/yearMonth
http://ns.nature.com/terms/filesize
http://ns.nature.com/terms/volume
http://ns.nature.com/terms/status
http://ns.nature.com/terms/doi
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationStartYearMonth
http://ns.nature.com/terms/citation
http://ns.nature.com/terms/id
http://ns.nature.com/terms/test
http://ns.nature.com/terms/volumeStart
http://ns.nature.com/terms/title
http://ns.nature.com/terms/coverYearMonth
http://ns.nature.com/terms/dateStart
http://ns.nature.com/terms/issueEnd
http://ns.nature.com/terms/familyName
http://ns.nature.com/terms/eissn
http://ns.nature.com/terms/coverYear
http://ns.nature.com/terms/treeDepth
http://ns.nature.com/terms/pageEnd
http://ns.nature.com/terms/issue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/otherCode
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isCorresponding
http://ns.nature.com/terms/fileExtension
http://ns.nature.com/terms/year
http://ns.nature.com/terms/body
http://ns.nature.com/terms/captionXml
http://ns.nature.com/terms/bodyXml
http://ns.nature.com/terms/coverDate
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationEndYearMonth
http://ns.nature.com/terms/publicationEndYear
http://ns.nature.com/terms/xmlId
http://ns.nature.com/terms/number

Object and/or datatype properties without domain or range (or none of them) are included in the ontology.

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#exactMatch
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrowerTransitive
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#closeMatch
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#related
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrowMatch
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#mappingRelation
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broaderTransitive
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broadMatch
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#relatedMatch
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasJournal
http://ns.nature.com/terms/webpage
http://ns.nature.com/terms/namespace
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasGraph
http://ns.nature.com/terms/doiLink
http://ns.nature.com/terms/orcid
http://ns.nature.com/terms/itemType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/count
http://ns.nature.com/terms/mesh
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasBlog
http://ns.nature.com/terms/repository
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation
http://ns.nature.com/terms/xmlId
http://ns.nature.com/terms/test
http://ns.nature.com/terms/id
http://ns.nature.com/terms/status
http://ns.nature.com/terms/timestamp
http://ns.nature.com/terms/isTestInstance
http://ns.nature.com/terms/baseUriTemplate
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hash

Tip: Solving this pitfall may lead to new results for other pitfalls and suggestions. We encourage you to solve all cases when needed and see what else you can get from OOPS!

This pitfall appears when any relationship (except for those that are defined as symmetric properties using owl:SymmetricProperty) does not have an inverse relationship (owl:inverseOf) defined within the ontology.

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPdfAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasIllustration
http://ns.nature.com/terms/relation
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasCorrespondingContributor
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSummary
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasXmlAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasNextIssue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPublishEvent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/figureList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/repository
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPreviousIssue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasBlog
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSummaryType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/imageList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasCurrentIssue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasExternalContributor
http://ns.nature.com/terms/itemReferenceList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasWebsite
http://ns.nature.com/terms/mesh
http://ns.nature.com/terms/count
http://ns.nature.com/terms/itemType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPrimaryArticleType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasAbstract
http://ns.nature.com/terms/orcid
http://ns.nature.com/terms/itemList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasContributor
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPublication
http://ns.nature.com/terms/doiLink
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSubject
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasGraph
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSection
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasCollection
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasReviewState
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasExternalArticle
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPublishState
http://ns.nature.com/terms/contributorList
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasImageAsset
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasReviewEvent
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasArticle
http://ns.nature.com/terms/namespace
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasItem
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasImage
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSerial
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasRoot
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasFigure
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasBroaderSubject
http://ns.nature.com/terms/webpage
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasIssue
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasPublisher
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasArticleType
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasJournal
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#memberList
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#mappingRelation
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#member
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#semanticRelation

The ontology elements are not named following the same convention (for example CamelCase or use of delimiters as "-" or "_") . Some notions about naming conventions are provided in [2].

*This pitfall applies to the ontology in general instead of specific elements.

This pitfall consists in missing the definition of equivalent classes (owl:equivalentClass) in case of duplicated concepts. When an ontology reuses terms from other ontologies, classes that have the same meaning should be defined as equivalent in order to benefit the interoperability between both ontologies.

• The following classes might be equivalent:
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Issue, http://ns.nature.com/terms/Subject, http://ns.nature.com/terms/Event, http://ns.nature.com/terms/Publication
http://ns.nature.com/terms/Image, http://ns.nature.com/terms/Figure

An ontology element is used as a class without having been explicitly declared as such using the primitives owl:Class or rdfs:Class. This pitfall is related with the common problems listed in [8].

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E12_Production

An ontology element is used as a property without having been explicitly declared as such using the primitives rdf:Property, owl:ObjectProperty or owl:DatatypeProperty. This pitfall is related with the common problems listed in [8].

• This pitfall appears in the following elements:
http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasSerialPublication

Suggestions or warnings:


The domain and range axioms are equal for each of the following object properties. Could they be symmetric or transitive?
| http://ns.nature.com/terms/relation
| http://ns.nature.com/terms/replacedBy
| http://ns.nature.com/terms/hasRoot
| http://ns.nature.com/terms/replaces
| http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#semanticRelation


According to the highest importance level of pitfall found in your ontology the conformace bagde suggested is "Important pitfalls" (see below). You can use the following HTML code to insert the badge within your ontology documentation:




References


Lexicalizing Ontologies: The issues behind the labels. In Multimodal communication in the 21st century: Professional and academic challenges. 33rd Conference of the Spanish Association of Applied Linguistics (AESLA), XXXIII AESLA.

Ontology development 101: A guide to creating your first ontology.

Evaluation of Taxonomic Knowledge in Ontologies and Knowledge Bases. Proceedings of the Banff Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop. Alberta, Canada.

Style guidelines for naming and labeling ontologies in the multilingual web.

Ontology Evaluation. PhD thesis.

Ontology evaluation. In Handbook on ontologies, pages 251-273. Springer.

Owl pizzas: Practical experience of teaching owl-dl: Common errors & common patterns. In Engineering Knowledge in the Age of the Semantic Web, pages 63-81. Springer.

Weaving the pedantic web. In Proceedings of the WWW2010 Workshop on Linked Data on the Web, LDOW 2010, Raleigh, USA, April 27, 2010.

D7. 1.3-study on persistent URIs, with identification of best practices and recommendations on the topic for the Mss and the EC. PwC EU Services.

“Linked Data - Design issues”. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space. Morgan & Claypool, 1st edition.

Is your linked data vocabulary 5-star?. http://bvatant.blogspot.fr/2012/02/is-your-linked-data-vocabulary-5-star_9588.html


Enter your ontology to scan:

Example: http://oops.linkeddata.es/example/swc_2009-05-09.rdf

Uncheck this checkbox if you don't want us to keep a copy of your ontology.





How to cite OOPS!


Poveda-Villalón, María, Asunción Gómez-Pérez, and Mari Carmen Suárez-Figueroa. "OOPS!(Ontology Pitfall Scanner!): An on-line tool for ontology evaluation." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS) 10.2 (2014): 7-34.

BibTex:


@article{poveda2014oops,
title={{OOPS! (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner!): An On-line Tool for Ontology Evaluation}},
author={Poveda-Villal{\'o}n, Mar{\'i}a and G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n and Su{\'a}rez-Figueroa, Mari Carmen},
journal={International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS)},
volume={10},
number={2},
pages={7--34},
year={2014},
publisher={IGI Global}
}



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